مجله توسعه فضاهای پیراشهری
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Due to the increase in population and the increase in the interaction between humans and the natural environment, humans are more exposed to the risk of natural disasters. Despite all the progress made in recent decades, the negative effects of natural disasters are still felt, and mankind has not been able to significantly reduce the damage caused by natural hazards. Earthquake is one of the natural hazards that cannot be predicted and causes many damages every year. Iran is considered one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world and has historically witnessed many severe earthquakes. In this context, the Tehran metropolitan area is one of the areas with a high risk of earthquakes in Iran, which, in addition to the risk of earthquakes due to the high population density, has a high potential for vulnerability to earthquakes. So far, several studies have been conducted in connection with the vulnerability of urban spaces located in the Tehran metropolitan area, but the vulnerability of rural spaces located in the Tehran metropolitan area has not received much attention from researchers. The first step to analyzing natural disasters and assessing vulnerability to hazards is to identify and determine appropriate indicators. Since in the studies carried out so far, the identification of earthquake vulnerability assessment indicators according to the specific characteristics of peri-urban spaces has not been done, the purpose of this study is to compile and validate appropriate indicators for assessing the vulnerability of rural settlements located in the Tehran metropolitan area.

This study is applied research, and it is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The research approach is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative part of the research has been done by using a systematic review of research sources and checking the content of similar articles. From this point of view, the indicators for assessing the vulnerability of rural settlements against earthquakes have been identified. After that, the appropriateness of each index was determined using the Delphi method and the opinions of experts. In the quantitative part of the research, using descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and One-sample t-test, indicators have been refined and validated. The statistical population of this research included all the experts and people specializing in the field of vulnerability to environmental hazards, of whom 40 experts were selected as a sample by using the purposeful sampling method.

In this study, 38 scientific articles related to the research topic have been identified by using a systematic review of sources to identify indicators of vulnerability to earthquakes, and 98 indicators have been identified by examining their content in the first step. This number has reached 41 indicators after performing initial refinement, removing irrelevant items, and merging similar items. These indicators, categorized in the form of three components that make up the concept of vulnerability, include exposure, susceptibility, and resilience. For validation, the indicators have been provided to the experts through the design of a questionnaire. The analysis of the results from the collection of questionnaires reveals that the component of being exposed to risk has three indicators. Each of the three indicators has been considered appropriate by experts in terms of the average, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, t-statistic value, and significance level. The susceptibility component has 17 indicators, two of which are in poor condition in terms of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, t-statistic value, and significance level, and 15 other indicators are in good condition and have been approved by experts. The resilience component has 21 indicators, two of which are in poor condition in terms of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, t-statistic value, and significance level, and 19 other indicators are in good condition and have been approved by experts. Finally, among the identified indicators, 37 of them were approved as suitable indicators for assessing the vulnerability of peri-urban rural settlements against earthquakes.

The findings of the study demonstrate that the values obtained for the indicators of risk exposure are at a more suitable level than the indicators of the other two components, confirming the expert consensus and agreement about the indicators of risk exposure. After that, there are the susceptibility component and the resilience component in terms of the experts' agreement. The results of this research, in terms of scientific application, provide a suitable platform for researchers in the fields of geographic sciences, environmental sciences, social sciences, disaster sciences, and other related specialized fields, each of which in some way studies the concept of vulnerability to earthquake hazards.

The development of peri-urban areas, as one of the main concerns that includes various economic and social aspects, is one of the fields of attention of national governments and local governments. An arena that, with the expansion of global communications, has concentrated its field of action in unique narratives of cultural, social and geographical features. Attractive narratives that have taken responsibility for the development of diverse geographical locations and put the presentation of competitive advantage and identity components on the shoulders of local and regional micro-levels.

The research strategy used in this research is "grounded theory". Contextual theorizing uses a methodology that requires the simultaneous and chain-wise collection and analysis of data. In total, about 63 economic activists were interviewed in the mentioned areas, of which 58 interviews were conducted for appropriate research and reports. Finally, through the interviews conducted in this field, the narratives of the place's identity that are used in different economic sectors from production and trade to services for the development of businesses are received and With the proposed triple coding, an attempt is made to extract the mechanism from which economic actors try to benefit from the elements of place identity for the development of their economic income.

The answers obtained from this interview and coding process clearly explain that the components of place identity which are: "Language, food, sound and music, architecture and space-making, history, place, color and handicrafts" through the main category, "activism and advertising-media policies" by creating awareness and knowledge of products. [Place - Goods - Service] among the "audiences" or in a better word "customers" find improvement and economic prosperity. A strategy that, in a process model, leads to perception after creating awareness of the products in this stage and finally achieves a change in the behavior of the audience. Of course, the mentioned path is not simple and one-line, and two categories of "background conditions" and "intervening conditions" play a role step by step in this path in the direction of intensity and strength or creating obstacles:"Contextual conditions" are actually environmental platforms that provide the strength or weakness of this mechanism: "Demographic components" such as age and education, "family" as the main element transmitting historical and cultural heritage, "social capital" and the strength of the network of relationships based on it are among the contextual conditions. It is decided that the role-playing mechanism of place identity components in economic development must pass through this channel. "Intervening conditions" are types of external stimuli that can play a role in strengthening or weakening the mentioned mechanism. Intervening conditions in this mechanism can be divided into three parts: "immigration and cultural interactions", "urban-institutional policies", "taste-making cultural consumption".However, the main category that has been left out of the coding process in the mechanism of benefiting from the components of place identity in the direction of economic development is "activism and advertising-media policies". which plays a role in both individual and collective dimensions. A category whose role is more important than anything else in the semantic link with the commercial brand. A commercial brand means creating value through strengthening and representing the assets of a place in a coherent way, which is presented in an image and narrative of that place. A commercial brand is actually the sale of stories [narrative assets] that are made of material assets. The key insight in this view is that a place like a city can be considered as a product. Or, in a more pioneering stage, a city is a collection of various products that can be made into extensive exchanges by processing their raw material in the form of narrative products. And in this way, a city can take advantage of its talents and take the path of its development by relying on its capabilities.

Therefore, what can be important in the process of local economic development are the narratives that are presented about the identity of the desired place, because value emerges through narratives. Some narratives are more attractive and some have less motivating features. In this way, the object of exchange is "narrative" and the value of goods is measured by the narratives that support them. As a result, the task of value creation is the responsibility of the narration. The remarkable issue is that narratives are always evolving and unpredictable; As the images of the place, products or lifestyle change, the relationship of the product, place and narrative are also re-evaluated and reconstructed. As a result, what is important in the process of studying the role of place identities in local economic development is to pay attention to the mechanism that transforms place identities into a tool for the production of added value and finally economic development. Identities that, as a catalyst, cultural, geographical, historical, etc. characteristics of a place create value in the form of narratives for manufactured goods and services and they become a tool for economic development at the local level.

Today, urban and regional planners consider small cities as an important strategy for balancing and regional development. Small cities along with their surrounding environment have capabilities and obstacles and bottlenecks to realize development and sustainable development.Small cities are among the most successful examples of settlements in order to resolve regional imbalances and spatial inequalities. Because they have often been able to be the link connecting the low levels with the middle and high levels of the settlement system, and in reducing the imbalances, attracting the population overflows of large and medium cities and positively directing the movements of the rural population, they have a special role and place. From the 1970s onward, due to the failure of development programs and the downward penetration mechanism and the problems caused by urbanization, especially in third world countries, the attention of planners was directed to the development and creation of small cities to respond to the needs of fair development. Small urban centers, the first urban cores in relation to rural areas, are considered as links between rural areas and big cities, which play an important role in the development of rural areas.If they get their true identity in the settlement system, they can play a very important role as growth centers in the development of villages and provide services in the field of market creation, provision of agricultural inputs (fertilizer, improved seeds, agricultural machinery), provide urban services, education, health, etc. for their rural areas.In the meantime, Nikshahr County in Sistan and Baluchistan province has 3 urban centers named Nikshahr, Espeke and Bent, and 4 districts named Central, Lashar, Bent and Ahoran, and 11 rural districts and 395 villages. The city of Nikshahr, with problems such as the weak communication network and the impossibility of proper access to the cities and villages of the region, the lack of facilities and equipment, Weakness of infrastructure services and low performance capacity in providing services to the region of this city has faced special problems in the sphere of its influence in the direction of service delivery. In the context of unequal interactions between urban and rural areas, the city of Nikshahr has led to the formation of an incoherent and disjointed network of rural settlements. These conditions make it necessary to create transformation in the settlements of this region. Thus, it is necessary to examine the role of the small town of Nikshahr and its position and function in the rural development of peripheral. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to the role of small towns in the stability of Nikshahr peripheral settlements.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of the nature and method of research. The data required for the research has been collected using the documentary-field method (questionnaire). In order to be sure of the validity of the questionnaire and also the knowledge selected to evaluate the functional role of the small city of Nikshahr in the development of sustainable indicators of the villages of peripheral, the opinions of the supervisors, the consultant professor and finally the opinions of the experts in this field have been used. The reliability of the questionnaire of this research was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient were calculated as 0.890. Two statistical populations were used in this research. The first statistical population includes the residents of the rural villages of Nikshahr, which is 2740 people in 2021 (2740) using Kochran's formula according to rural villages (Tahrak, Khairabad and Zahak), and the sample population was determined to be 337 people. The second statistical population includes (managers, specialists, Islamic councils, etc.) at the level of Nikshahr County. Which was determined by using targeted sampling of 20 people as the sample size. SPSS software and Fuzzy Mamdani model were also used for data analysis.

The results of the sample T-Tech test, in the indicators presented in the dimensions (economic, physical and environmental), according to the obtained averages lower than the average number (3), showed that the role of the city Nikshahr is located in the villages of urban peripheral areas. But in the social dimension, this impact is positive and meaningful. The results of prioritizing the villages of urban peripheral, considering the impact of Nikshahr city on the dimensions of sustainability using F-Mamdani, showed that the village of Tahrek with a score of (0.70), average level, the village of Zahak with a score of (0.56), a low level, and finally the village of Khairabad with a score of (0.78), is at a high level. Keywords: functional role, small city, sustainability indicators, urban peripheral areas, Nikshahr.

The peripheral villages of Nikshahr need to receive and create basic biological facilities and improve the level of development variables, and Nikshahr city has the capability and positive efficiency effect from this point of view. Therefore, if there is proper development planning and identifying the potentials of this city directly, there will be a possibility of influencing the dimensions of sustainability in the peripheral villages under study.

Today, the one-dimensional view of place and space on the one hand, and the view of capital and market economy in the absence of government control and restrictions, on the other hand, is the basis for the commodification of rural spaces, especially in tourism spaces. Based on this, the present research has analyzed the effects of commodification in Shandiz tourism area. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on spatial analysis models such as density patterns, hot spot analysis models and spatial autocorrelation. The necessary information in the long term (1380-1400) has been obtained through GIS data and in the short term (1396-1400) using Sentinel satellite images. Also, in order to analyze the data, ArcGIS and TerrSet softwares were used. The obtained results show that in the period of 20 years and as a result of the commodification of villages in Shandiz region, about 700 hectares of agricultural lands and gardens have been changed, of which 39.55% have been converted into natural areas. 10.45% turned into roads and 21.82% turned into barren lands. The results of the analysis of hot spots showed that the greatest change of use occurred in the western axis of Shandiz towards the summer residences of Abardeh village. Finally, the results show that in 197 hectares (28.18%) of the lands of Shandiz region, the commodification of the village has happened as a result of tourism, which has led to land use changes in these areas.The city of Shandiz is located 15 kilometers west of Mashhad metropolis, which is the main center of leisure and tourism due to its location in the northern slopes of the Binalud highlands and having a mild climate, natural scenery, and the presence of villas. Due to the favorable location of this city in the vicinity of Mashhad, huge investments and projects have been made in the tourism sector, among which we can mention the Shandiz Phenomenon super project. Also, the presence of gardens and mild climate has greatly increased the number of garden villas and rural second homes in this area, which has caused the gradual growth of land prices in Shandiz area. Therefore, under the influence of profit-profit flow, in recent years, it has brought about many changes in the land market sector and changing the use of agricultural-horticultural lands. Therefore, the present study tries to analyze the changes in the agricultural and horticultural lands as a result of the commodification of the village in Shandiz region and to answer the question that how much of the agricultural and horticultural lands of Shandiz has become the subject of village commodification and this Where are the areas located?The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the method. In order to measure the commodification of villages in the study area on land use changes, two long-term periods of 20 years (1380-1400) and five-year short-term periods (1396-1400) were chosen, which in the long term is due to the lack of sensor images. TM and ETM of Landsat satellite with optimal spatial resolution (30 meters) were used in the spatial resolution of the region from GIS data. But in the short term, due to the high quality of spatial resolution of the images (spatial resolution of 10 meters), Sentinel-2 satellite images have been used. Also, ArcGIS, TerrSet and Sentinel-2 satellite images were used for data analysis.Also, in order to reveal the location of new uses, hot spot analysis from Gettys-Ord.J statistics has been used. In this statistic, the calculated Z score shows in which areas the uses are clustered with high or low values. The conceptual framework of this analysis works in such a way that if a complication has a high value, it is important, but this does not mean that it is a hot spot. A hot spot complication is considered when both the complication itself and the neighboring complications are statistically significant. The Z score for the final output will be obtained when the local sum of the complication and its neighbor is relatively compared with the total sum of the complications.The results of examining the pattern of spatial distribution of built uses as the commodification of the village in Shandiz show that Moran's index is 1.1. Also, the z-score value is 528.8, which according to the p-value is 0.00, the spatial distribution of users follows the cluster pattern. In fact, the results show that due to the increase in land prices and the commodification of the village in Shandiz, which has occurred due to the boom in the tourism industry in this region, in some axes such as Abardeh villas and the east-west axis of Shandiz, many agricultural lands and Gardens have turned into uses such as restaurants, rural second homes, leisure centers, etc.

Statement of the Problem: 

The Peri-Urban sometimes referred to as the urban fringe can overcome the urban form and challenges of 21st century spatial planning. In industrialized or post-industrialized countries, Peri-urbn is the realm of economic, social, and spatial transformation, while in newly industrialized and most developing countries, it is often a chaotic metropolitan area that causes dispersal and uncoordinated development. Because the reflection of centrifugal forces affects the emergence of a gradual process of redistribution of population, activity and body of a city. Due to the lack of necessary conditions to guide the spatial structure in a specific and pre-planned way, it has led to the development and deployment of unplanned population and activities throughout the metropolitan area of Tehran. These issues have led to the emergence of a special spatial form in the metropolitan area of Tehran, which has resulted in the scattering of housing and activities in an aimless and unplanned manner around the metropolis of Tehran.The establishment of these areas in agricultural lands and around communication axes has led to the destruction of green spaces, gardens and lands in the region, as well as environmental areas, which, incidentally, we have to think more about preserving. In addition, the lack of service centers and spaces, as well as the imposition of heavy traffic on the communication axes of these areas, has led to dissatisfaction and will cause more pressure on residents. Of course, it is worth mentioning that with the unplanned increase of residential units in different types and under different names in these areas, without coordinated planning to create other services and facilities needed by citizens, we will see various problems even in planned cities and metropolises.

Because peri-urban areas have lower population densities than urban standards, the presence of scattered settlements, dependence on commuting vehicles, fragmented communities, and a lack of spatial oversight have resulted in these areas. Therefore, familiarity, study and explanation of the concept of less paid category in the urban planning system of Iran called Peri-urban and also explanation of modeling to study the formation of Peri-urban areas based on intelligent land use analysis is one of the main objectives of this study.

With an analytical-descriptive approach, following the research on how to implement the land use analysis model to identify peri-urban areas and related issues, using GIS analytical tools based on the LUCIS intelligent land use analysis model and other related cases are examined and analyzed. Accordingly, in order to study the development of Islamshahr city and to create buffer zones between Tehran metropolis and this city, an area of 8 km around the main core of Islamshahr city and the border of Tehran metropolitan area 18 has been considered as a study area of peri-urban study. This area, as the immediate lands within the legal boundaries of the city of Islamshahr and with the approval of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran, is within the common territory of the metropolis of Tehran.On the other hand, the process of land use suitability modeling is an analytical process that determines the competencies and capabilities of a certain unit of land for a specific land use. In this process, first the goals and objectives are clearly stated and then the necessary classes, criteria and conditions are defined and then the land is evaluated. In this planning model, the main classes of the model include agricultural, conservation and urban uses. Each of these user classes is itself subdivided into more detailed uses.

Urban use in the study area, with the exception of limited areas in the southeastern part that have low priority and desirability for the development of urban use and the creation of peri-urban areas; The rest of the study areas, due to the high weight assigned to residential areas in the composition of the raster layers, have the ability to create urban residential areas in the form of peri-urban in the study area. Most of the existing lands in the field of industrial areas have a low value to be allocated as urban land use and the creation of peri-urban areas. Because most of these lands are poor in terms of adequate housing facilities or have difficulty in accessing the main roads.In the case of agricultural use, with the exception of areas in the southeast and spots in the southwest that have low agricultural priority and desirability; Most of the studied areas, and further north and northeast, have a high priority for agricultural development. This indicates that the border between the city of Islamshahr and the metropolis of Tehran in the northern part has the potential to deal with agriculture. This capability is positively effective in creating and developing suburban areas in the study area. In the case of protective use, the band-shaped area from northwest to southeast is very valuable for designation as a protective use, and the reason can be found in the presence of the floodway in this part of the study area. Because from the eastern side of Islamshahr, there is a floodway that poses a risk of flooding in rainy seasons and times.

The model presented in this study identifies the spatial components and land use measures and policies including land use patterns and changes major agricultural, conservation and urban land uses in peri-urban areas without wasting time and at the lowest cost and the future growing changes of these three types of land use for the area between the metropolis of Tehran and the city of Islamshahr. Thus, while this research shows that Peri-urban is an intermediate in the definition of something, its nature is not entirely clear and the result is a combination of different forces at different scales. The presentation of this modeling, indicates that they can be used and tested to predict land uses in the formation of peri-urban areas around metropolises and also be further developed by other researchers in the future.

Along with the normal process of population growth in peri-urban areas, migration to these spaces is one of the main causes of the transformation of their physical-physical, social and economic structure and has made these residential spaces face many challenges.According to the documents of the Statistics Center of Iran, Kurdistan province, along with provinces like Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari and Zanjan, due to the deprivation of rural settlements in terms of environmental, social and economic indicators, there is a traditional process of migration (migration from the village to the city) and it is predicted that This process will continue in the future. Among the cities of Kurdistan province, the peri-urban areas located in the vicinity of Sanandaj city, especially the peri-urban area of Naysar, is one of the most important destinations for rural migrants, as this peri-urban area has experienced rapid population growth in recent years. The increase in the population of this peri-urban area from 938 people to about 85,000 thousand people in 2019 is a seal of approval for the rapid population growth of this peri-urban area. Meanwhile, the undeniable fact is that Naysar is one of the most populous suburban areas of Kurdistan province. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the most important causes of this population growth and related topics. According to the mentioned materials, the questions that can be raised in this regard are: What is the level of satisfaction of rural migrants from living in Naysar? What are the most important factors of population growth in Naysar from the point of view of the rural community living there? How is the tendency to return to the village among the rural community living in Naysar? And what are the most important strategies for the return to the village from the point of view of the heads of rural households living in the peri-urban area of Naysar?

The type of research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the method. The statistical population includes all heads of rural households living in Naysar who have migrated to this peri-urban area in the last two decades. Among them, 150 people were considered as a statistical sample. The main tool for data collection is a questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. A combination of quantitative (frequency distribution table, average comparison test and exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software) and qualitative (content analysis) methods have been used to analyze the collected data.

The results showed that the level of satisfaction with living in Naysar, with an average of 2.271, is at a lower than average level and The five key factors of rapid population growth in Naysar, which explained 62.627 percent of its variance, in order of importance are: low cost of accommodation and economic activities (17.846 percent), laxity in rules and regulations of peri-urban spaces (360 12.0 percent), access to infrastructure (12.340 percent), benefit from opportunities (11.617 percent) and false attractions of urbanization (8.463 percent). Also, the results showed that the average calculated for returning to the village with an average of 2.962 is at the average level and Sustainable job creation in the villages, allocation of government loans and credits according to the conditions of the villagers and strict implementation of construction laws and regulations in Naysar are the most important solutions for the return of the villagers to their original village.

Despite Naysar many challenges in different aspects of development, the surveys showed that the tendency of the studied community to return to the villages is at an average level. This situation indicates that the migrant rural community settled in Naysar have faced many challenges in their original village, despite the relatively weak level of satisfaction with their place of residence, they do not have much tendency to return to their original village. Therefore, the main link of Naysar peri-urban population can be found in the weak development and deprivation of the villages of Kurdistan province. The unaffordability of economic activity, especially in the livestock, horticulture, agriculture, etc., weak educational and health infrastructures, lack of job opportunities, unemployment, successive droughts, etc., are linked in a chain. It has provided the basis for the migration of villagers to the peri-urban space of Naysar. The process that has faced the space of origin and destination of migration with many challenges.In the meantime, attention to the opinions and solutions proposed by the heads of rural households, who have an average of 12 years of experience of migrating from the village and settling in the peri-urban area, is interesting in its own way. Carefulness in the nature of the proposed solutions shows that most of the solutions have a management aspect, however, attention should be paid to strengthening the economic base of rural households through sustainable job creation in the villages (location-based jobs), allocation of government loans and credits according to the conditions of the villagers, industrialization of the villages (construction Transformational and complementary industries of agriculture and horticulture and livestock products processing industries), guaranteed purchase of villagers' products and products in accordance with market conditions and establishment/activation of multi-purpose rural cooperatives have been the focus of the studied community. Another important aspect of the proposed solutions is the attention of the rural community to strict implementation of construction laws and regulations in Naysar. According to them, by implementing this solution, villagers will be less encouraged to migrate to this peri-urban space. Also, the results showed that the strengthening and development of essential service and welfare infrastructures in villages (educational, health, transportation, recreational, etc.) rural to urban spaces, to provide the necessary background and platform to return to the villages.

The concept of satisfaction refers to a wide range of desires and preferences to meet basic or transcendent human needs. Many people desire things they cannot have, and therefore, for various reasons, they must choose and satisfy their needs from areas with less desire for them. When we can pick and get what we desire, we are satisfied. Although this satisfaction may cover different spectrums in order to create more efficient spaces and improve the quality of residential open space, this research aims to evaluate the level of satisfaction of residents affected by the open space of residential complexes. Apartment living and small living spaces using It require public spaces, these complexes, with open spaces, can have a significant impact on people's lives and by responding to a part of their needs, they can seek people's satisfaction.This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, and according to the nature of the subject and the investigated indicators, the governing approach of this research is survey and correlation type. Because by using the methods of gathering information and setting up a questionnaire, we are trying to evaluate the level of satisfaction of the residents affected by the environmental quality of the open space of residential complexes (case example: Gorgan city). The theoretical framework and research literature are also using the Library method and collected documents. Cronbach's alpha method was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population in this research will be three different residential complexes, including the Cotton Organization residential complex located on 20-meter Kashani street, the Baharestan residential complex located on Resalat Blvd., the Sayad Shirazi residential complex located on Sayad Shirazi street.The open spaces between the residential buildings are the basis of the residents' connection with nature and the place to spend leisure time in the immediate exterior of the house. Therefore, it is necessary to review and pay special attention to the design of the open space of residential complexes as a common and collective yard in many types of residential buildings today.Satisfaction is a function of different aspects of human life and it is shaped by the combination of different perceptions of a person from daily life. Based on the existing research, the main constructive criteria of satisfaction with the location in the open space of residential complexes are based on spatial, functional, managerial, social, and demographic dimensions. Based on this, a five-dimensional model was extracted to evaluate residents' satisfaction.Therefore, according to the results of the data analysis, it can be said that there is no positive and meaningful relationship between the different personal characteristics of the residents of residential complexes and their level of satisfaction with the open space of the complex. What was obtained from the data analysis in this research also confirms that different individual characteristics of the residents of residential complexes, among other factors, do not play a role in their satisfaction with the open space of the complex. When the effect of factors and components was measured simultaneously on the level of satisfaction of the residents with the open space of the complex, it was found that this factor has no effect on attracting and increasing the number of residents. Therefore, considering that this factor does not have a direct and positive relationship with the attraction and quantitative increase of residents and as a result the residents' satisfaction with the open space of residential complexes, it is not necessary to consider it in the design of the open space of residential complexes. This difference may be rooted in people's different approaches to using space.The results of the research indicate the importance of the role of the architect as a creator of the space in the residents' satisfaction with the place, if the spatial and social characteristics have the greatest effect on the residents' satisfaction, then the functional characteristics are another effective measure in the residents' satisfaction. Management features have the least impact on the evaluation of residents' satisfaction with the space.Therefore, considering the importance of creating and maintaining people's satisfaction and ignoring this importance in today's designs and considering the lack of scientific-research studies in this field in the country, the present research aims to investigate and recognize Effective factors in the design of open spaces of residential complexes, provide solutions that will improve the satisfaction of the residents.

One of the most important issues and problems that most countries in the world are facing is natural hazards that always threaten human settlements and can cause extensive damage and casualties in a short period of time. According to the international strategic plan of the United Nations, all risks have two main sources: Natural hazards and hazards caused by human activity. Natural hazards can occur due to geological, biological, meteorological causes or processes of this kind in human life environment. One of the most important challenges today is how to deal with natural and limited events and compensate for the consequences and damages caused by them. One of the new approaches in the field of strategic management of natural hazards is to improve the resilience of societies against natural hazards. In fact, resilience is a new concept that has received attention in the last few years in the countries of the world and has been proposed as a policy in urban planning, spatial planning and geography. Looking at the category of resilience and how to analyze it, on the one hand, plays a key role in how to understand the resilience of the current situation and its causes, and on the other hand, it has a fundamental impact on policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it. Based on this, the link between community development, management and disaster management is necessary to create community resilience against risks, and resilience should be the central concept of all disaster management and development programs in society. Resilience has the capacity to enter into the natural disaster management cycle before, during and after the disaster. Considering that the management of natural disasters after the accident in Iran is not in a favorable condition and after the occurrence of such incidents, people will suffer a lot of damage, it is important to pay attention to this matter.Sanandaj district in Kurdistan province is located on a very dangerous area. The area studied in this research is the city of Sanandaj. In the process of physical growth and development, the city of Sasandaj has integrated 16 Peripheral villages since 1961, And now, these villages that have experienced countless structural-functional transformations and continue to live in the form of separate and connected urban areas. Considering the growing trend of Sanandaj city due to rural-urban migrations, the villages that are around Sanandaj city are affected more than other villages in the process of uneven and unbalanced growth of Sanandaj city, Therefore, in this study, due to the spatial-location continuity of these villages with Sanandaj city, the area of study of this research will be Peripheral villages. Most of these villages, like Sanandaj city, are located on flood-prone areas and sometimes on faults, and some of them are located in landslide-prone areas, which often have low social, economic, and physical resilience. Therefore, it is necessary to study and examine the situation of strategic management of natural hazards in the Peripheral areas of Sanandaj with a resilience approach.This research is cognitive in terms of purpose, cross-sectional in terms of time, and quantitative in terms of method. To collect data and information for this research, library-documentary studies (library, documentary and virtual resources) have been used. The statistical population of this research includes experts and residents located in the dangerous areas of Sanandaj city and peri-urban villages of Sanandaj. The investigated samples were selected based on the Cochran method and in a stratified random method with a proportional allocation technique, from the villages of Peripheral and the city of Sanandaj. The method of collecting information is based on survey-exploratory technique and using quantitative and qualitative methods. In this regard, in the qualitative part, by conducting semi-structured interviews, strategic issues (problems, challenges and potentials) were identified from the experts' point of view. In the next step and in the quantitative part, weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats to the resilience of Sanandaj region were compiled and distributed based on field observation and survey. In this regard, the TOPSIS fuzzy model was used to rank the human settlements located in the Sanandaj suburbs in terms of resilience. Also, in order to identify and evaluate the most important weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats to the resilience of Sanandaj city and Peripheral villages, the SWOT analysis method was used.The results of the research show that among the dimensions of resilience in the Peripheral areas of Sanandaj city, it indicates weakness in the institutional, economic, social and environmental-physical dimensions, respectively. Also, based on the ideal answer of the TOPSIS fuzzy, respectively, Seranjiane Alia village (0.10), Arendan village (0.13), Grizeh village (0.14), Khoshkeh Dol village (0.16) And the village of Sarab Qamish (0.17) has the closest distance with the positive ideal answer and the farthest distance with the negative ideal answer. Also, Naysar urban separate area (0.31), Qalyan village (0.31), Asaule village (0.30), Babariz (0.30) and Nanleh urban separate area (0.29) have the farthest the distance to the ideal answer is positive and the closest answer to the ideal option is negative. In other words, the villages of Saranjianeh Alia, Arendan, Grizeh, Khoshkeh Dol and Sarab Qamish have the highest level of resilience in Sanandaj suburbs. The separated urban area of Naysar, the villages of Qalyan, Asaule and Babariz, and the separated urban area of Nanleh have the lowest level of resilience in the Peripheral area of Sanandaj. According to the amount of similarity index, the villages and urban areas of Peripheral district of Sanandaj were ranked. According to the similarity index, Saranjiane Alia village (0.73), Arndan village (0.66), Grizeh village (0.63), Khoshkeh Dol village (0.58) and Sarab Qamish village (0.56) are ranked first to fifth. In other words, the villages of Saranjianeh Alia, Arendan, Grizeh, Khoshkeh Dol and Sarab Qamish have the highest level of resilience in Sanandaj suburbs. Also, Nayser (0.19), Qalyan (0.20), Asaule (0.22), Babariz (0.23) and Nanleh (0.24) separate urban districts are ranked low, And they have the least resilience in the suburbs of Sanandaj.

Tehran metropolis is not an exception to this rule and like many municipalities in the country in the past years and today, it is dependent on unstable incomes, and due to the ever-increasing development and expansion of Tehran metropolis, the duties of the mayors are increasing and they need to earn more income. But the lack of a comprehensive approach to the revenue sources of the municipalities in the form of the macroeconomic system of the country, case changes and interventions, the implementation of the self-reliance and self-sufficiency policy of the municipalities, has put the revenue department of Tehran municipality in an unstable situation, the limitation of the legal and reasonable areas of earning the municipality's income has led to The revenue sector of the municipality is heavily dependent on urban constructions and the sale of excess density. In such a way that the continuation of this situation will have adverse effects and consequences and social, cultural and infrastructure costs for the city of Tehran and urban management.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of method. According to the available data in this research, the library method and reliable reference sources were used. The data collection tool is a questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale. In this research, the dimensions and number of indicators have been used to analyze the findings (Table 1). The statistical population in this research is 384 specialists and experts in the municipalities of Tehran metropolis, using a simple random sampling method. In this regard, structural equations and multi-criteria decision making (cocoso) were used to analyze the findings. Discussion and research findings In this regard, according to the multiplicity of independent variables, which include five independent variables of economic policy, social investment, information and communication technology, physical-environmental, managerial-institutional and the dependent variable of sustainable urban income. The estimation of the coefficients of the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable has been measured and evaluated. In this regard, in order to confirm and reject the hypotheses of the research, the estimation of the path between the variables has been stated and the coefficients of the relationships between the variables have been used in the Regression Weights output table. Data analysis shows the fact that if the critical coefficient is greater than 1.96, the relationship between two variables is significant with 95% confidence. Also, p-value can be used instead of the critical coefficient to determine the significance of the relationship if the p-value of the test is smaller than 0.05. The relationship between the two variables is significant, according to these cases, all hypotheses have been confirmed. Conclusion and suggestions One of the important issues for municipalities is to earn stable income to cover the cost of urban services. Currently, the excessive reliance of many municipalities on unstable incomes has made them face financial problems. Paying attention to sustainable income can be suitable in various economic, social, physical, environmental, etc. dimensions in metropolitan cities to achieve optimal and sustainable development. Stable income should be sustainable in such a way that it does not reduce urban services in cities and does not reduce their quality of life. The purpose of this research is to analyze and explain the redefinition of sustainable income in the municipalities of Tehran metropolis. Structural equations and multi-criteria decision-making have been used to examine the findings. The research results based on structural equations show that sustainable urban income is caused by a set of factors such as physical-environmental, information and communication technology, managerial-institutional, social investment, economic policy; Next is the economic policy, each of these factors has a favorable effect in redefining sustainable urban income. Among the mentioned factors, economic policy has taken a more prominent role in redefining urban income. In addition, the measurement and evaluation of absolute and comparative fit indicators such as; Chi-square, CMIN, SRMR, CFI, IFI, NFI in the research model show that the model has a good fit. On the other hand, the results of multi-criteria decision makers show that indicators such as revision of municipal laws are in the first place with a score of 1.942, which shows its importance compared to other indicators. Therefore, with the limitation of the legal fields, the increase in the dependence of the municipalities' income on urban constructions and sales has increased, and the resulting consequences will increase the social, cultural, physical, etc. costs for the Tehran Metropolitan Municipality and its urban managers. The second index is the smartening of urban infrastructures (implementation of smart urban growth policies), which according to the cocoso method has a score of 1.85 and is in the second place. If this index is ignored, it will multiply the costs of the Tehran metropolis municipality. Finally, the third important indicator in the field of redefining sustainable income is the proper use of public revenue tools (such as sales tax and income tax share, real estate tax, etc.) have

Today, urban peripheral spaces are expanding due to the lack of control and supervision over the development of urban spaces, so Urban Peripheral villages of Urmia was also created for the growth and development of the city and now it provides services to its residents as an urban peripheral. A number of these settlements, due to their proximity to the informal and marginalized settlements, They have experienced many negative physical and social changes due to the unprincipled and unplanned growth of these informal settlements and their proximity to this context, It has caused bad living conditions and reduced quality of life, which requires special attention to reduce the consequences of this development. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to analyze the situation of good governance in the Urban Peripheral villages of Urmia, To evaluate the current situation of these villages in order to improve their situation from the point of view of good governance. Among the fields of research innovation, in the field of research method, we can mention the use of new decision-making methods and the use of new data. Also, due to the lack of similar research, it seems necessary to conduct this research in order to prevent the unprincipled expansion of this settlement and the reduction of their quality of life and livability.

The current research method is longitudinal in terms of time and practical in terms of results, also the process of conducting the research is quantitative and descriptive-analytical in terms of its purpose. The method of collecting information is in two forms, documentary, and field. The tool for collecting information is also in the form of questionnaires and field observations. The statistical population of the study is the residents of the Urban Peripheral villages of Urmia, which includes the villages of Band, Topraq Qala, Dadeh Saqi, Reihanabad, Vazirabad, Velandeh-e Sofla, Anhar-e Sofla, Ganjabad and Mirabad, which according to the statistics of Iran Statistics Center in 2015, the population of Pirasheri villages is 21,059 people. In order to determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used with an error percentage of 0.05, and a value of 377 was obtained, which was randomly distributed in the study area. in order to evaluate the state of good governance in the Urban Peripheral villages of Urmia, 6 components have been used, which include rural participation, accountability and transparent, responsive, justice and equality, efficiency and effectiveness, and supervision, and the data has been analyzed quantitatively and by SPSS software. in order to analyze the data of the research, due to the fact that the size of the statistical population is more than 20 and also because of the central limit theorem, their normality is not checked, therefore, statistical methods such as one-sample t-test and Spearman's correlation have been used to analyze the data. DEMATEL's multi-criteria decision-making method has been used to find the relationship between the research components and finally, the VIKOR model has been used to rank the studied villages. The validity of the questionnaires has been confirmed by experts in this field and the reliability of the questionnaires has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test.

The findings of this research indicate that according to the one-sample t-test, In terms of having good governance in the Urban Peripheral villages of Urmia, the villages of Band and Topraq Qala have a better situation than the average level. The villages of Vazirabad, Anhar-e Sofla and Mirabad are at a medium level. The villages of Dadeh Saqi, Reihanabad, Velandeh-e Sofla and Ganjabad are at a lower-than-average level. According to the results of Spearman's correlation test, there is a relationship between the components of good governance and good governance, and according to Spearman's correlation coefficients, these relationships are direct. Also, justice and equality have the highest correlation with good governance in the study area, which is an improvement. The state of justice and equality, and the state of good governance will also improve. According to the results of DEMATEL's decision-making model, the component of justice and equality with the value (D) of 5.919 is the most effective, the component of responsibility with the value of (R) of 5.598 is the most Influence, and finally, the component of supervision with the value of (D+R) is 10.485. It is most related to other components. Also, the three components of rural participation, justice and equality, and supervision as the “cause” and the three components of accountability and transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, and responsibility as "disability". the conceptual model of the research shows that the component of justice and equality is related to all the components and the component Responsibility is also communicable from all components. According to the results of VIKOR model, the Urban Peripheral villages of Urmia, Band, Topraq Qala, Anhar-e Sofla, Vazirabad, Mirabad, Velandeh-e Sofla, Dadeh Saqi, Reihanabad and finally Ganjabad are ranked first to ninth respectively.

Today, due to the unprincipled and unplanned expansion of cities, it has caused the proximity of cities to the villages around them, and in the meantime, it has caused the formation of Spaces called Urban Peripheral, which sometimes, due to the proximity to informal settlements, have caused the reproduction and expansion of marginalization around the cities. Is. In this regard, in order to prevent the reproduction of informal settlements and marginalization in these contexts, urban and rural managers should formulate and adopt principled macro and micro policies based on the components of good governance. Also, according to the results of the research, the use of the component of justice and equality in line with the development of principles Cities are of great importance, and along with that, it can provide effective results in this area with bottom-up planning and attracting the participation of residents.

The quality of life is a scientific term, a concept for examining how to meet human needs, as well as a measure for understanding the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of individuals and groups from different aspects of life. Therefore, recent researches and studies on the quality of life are focused on the main method in the first methodology, measurable social and economic indicators are used to determine the amount and how to meet human needs, and in the second methodology, based on the personal reports of people from their life experiences that it is called subjective life and their level of satisfaction is investigated. What are called objective indicators of quality of life are generally focused on social and economic variables, but subjective indicators of quality of life are based on information obtained from personal reports. They focus on thepersonal reports of people from their life experiences and are actually complementary to social and economic indicators.However, in the field of quality of life, both methodologies have their own views, and the use of each point of view is also accompanied by limitations, because the quality of life is greatly affected by time and geographical location, and the components and factors that make up the quality of life depend on them. Therefore, the quality of life is a multifaceted concept. It is relative, and affected by time and place, and individual and social values that have objective and external dimensions on the one hand and mental and internal dimensions on the other hand. Therefore, it is not easy to provide a comprehensive definition for it.

From the viewpoint of application, the present research is considered as a descriptive and analytical research, which was conducted as a survey and in order to analyze the quality of life in the outskirts of Rasht city. Descriptive and inferential methods have been used to examine and analyze the data in this research. In this research, the normality of the data was checked first, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Since the significance level obtained was much greater than 0.05 and showed a value of 0.693, it was determined that the data were normal, so the parametric T test was used using Spss software to analyze the data. The research tool in the present study was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was used to check its validity and reliability from the point of view of professors and experts, and Cronbach's alpha test was used. The statistical population of the present study includes heads of households living in 16 marginal and informal neighborhoods of Rasht city, which is estimated at 82,604 people. The sample size of the study, which was calculated using Cochran's formula and considering the error percentage of 0.05, was determined to be 382 people.

The number of items examined in physical indicators are 8; The average level of residents' satisfaction is equal to 24. Using t-test, the average satisfaction of the residents in the physical dimension has been investigated. The results of the test showed that the level of quality of life in the physical dimension is lower than the average level, but this level is close to the average level. This relationship was calculated with the average response of the residents to the value of 23.486 and a significance level of 0.000.The items examined in the socio-cultural factors are 14, and the average level of residents' satisfaction is 42. which has investigated the average satisfaction of the residents using the t-test. The results of the test showed that the quality of life in the social dimension in the target areas is at a low level. This relationship is confirmed by the average response of the residents to the value of 32.613 and the significance level is 0.000.In environmental indicators the number of examined items are 4; The average level of satisfaction of the residents is equal to 12. Using t-test, the average satisfaction of the residents in the environmental dimension has been investigated. The results of the test showed that the level of quality of life in the environmental dimension is also at a low level in the neighborhoods, just like the other investigated dimensions. This relationship is confirmed by the average response of the residents to the value of 9.285 and the significance level is 0.000.In spiritual-emotional factors the number of examined items are 4; The average level of satisfaction of the residents is equal to 12. Using t-test, the average satisfaction of the residents in the mental-emotional dimension was investigated as the last item. The results of the test showed that the quality of life in the spiritual-emotional dimension in the neighborhood is at an average level of satisfaction. This relationship was confirmed with the average response of residents to the value of 11.496 and significance level of 0.000.

The results of this research showed that in the physical dimension, the life quality of the residents of the peripheral neighborhoods in Rasht city is not suitable, and this finding is in line with the findings of Sharma and Abhai (2022), Bandijai and Bencherif (2022), and Razmiarak et al (2022).In the economic dimension of the quality of life, the residents of the suburbs of Rasht city did not have a good quality and the level of the quality of life in the economic dimension is also at a low level in the neighborhoods in question. This finding is in line with the findings of Smith et al. (2022) and Christensen et al. (2022).This research showed that in the socio-cultural dimension, the quality of life of the residents of the suburbs of Rasht city does not have a suitable situation and the level of quality of life in the social dimension is at a low level. And this finding is in line with the findings of Spina et al. (2021) and Grabuska (2021).

The outbreak of the corona pandemic had various effects on rural areas, one of these effects is on the process of food insecurity, followed by the strategies of rural households to deal with food insecurity. The aim of the present research is to firstly know the food security situation of the households in the studied villages and then to investigate the difference in the coping strategies of these households before and after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The current type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the current research is eight peri-urban villages of Zanjan city, these 8 villages have 3047 households, and using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire (332) households was calculated and the questionnaires were completed using a systematic method. The method of collecting information in the form of library and field (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon test and Amos structural equations) were used to analyze the data. The research findings show that 34.14% of households have food security, 22.18% of households have food insecurity without hunger, 18.64% of households have food insecurity with moderate hunger, and 25.04% of households have food insecurity with severe hunger. In order to analyze the significant difference between the indicators of food and non-food strategies to deal with food insecurity, it shows that the most significant difference is related to the indicators of overtime other than the agricultural sector and the use of cheap food with the test statistic value of -11.33 and -14.57. The results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of coping strategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.The outbreak of the corona pandemic had various effects on rural areas, one of these effects is on the process of food insecurity, followed by the strategies of rural households to deal with food insecurity. The aim of the present research is to firstly know the food security situation of the households in the studied villages and then to investigate the difference in the coping strategies of these households before and after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The current type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the current research is eight peri-urban villages of Zanjan city, these 8 villages have 3047 households, and using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire (332) households was calculated and the questionnaires were completed using a systematic method. The method of collecting information in the form of library and field (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon test and Amos structural equations) were used to analyze the data. The research findings show that 34.14% of households have food security, 22.18% of households have food insecurity without hunger, 18.64% of households have food insecurity with moderate hunger, and 25.04% of households have food insecurity with severe hunger. In order to analyze the significant difference between the indicators of food and non-food strategies to deal with food insecurity, it shows that the most significant difference is related to the indicators of overtime other than the agricultural sector and the use of cheap food with the test statistic value of -11.33 and -14.57. ing strategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.villages against food insecuriThe results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of copategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.villages against food insecuriThe results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of cop